List of tornadoes striking downtown areas of large cities

Contents

This article is a list of tornadoes that have impacted the central business district (downtown or city centre) of a large city (that is, one having at least 50,000 people, not counting suburbs or outlying communities, at the time of the storm).

It is a common myth that tornadoes do not strike downtown areas. The odds are much lower due to the small areas covered, but paths can go anywhere, including over downtown areas. St. Louis, Missouri has taken a direct hit four times in less than a century[1] and Windsor, Ontario, Canada was also struck four times in 70 years. Many of the tornadoes listed were extremely destructive or caused numerous casualties, and the occurrence of a catastrophic event somewhere is inevitable.[2]

It should also be noted that this list is not exhaustive (listing every single tornado that has struck a downtown area or central business district of any city), as it may never be known if a tornado struck a downtown area, or if it was just a microburst (powerful downward and outward gush of wind, which cause damage from straight-line winds), particularly for older events or from areas with limited information. Downbursts often accompany intense tornadoes, extending damage across a wider area than the tornado path. When a tornado strikes a city, it is occasionally very difficult to determine whether it was a tornadic event at all or if the affected area was indeed the "downtown", "city centre", or "central business district" consisting of very high population density and mid to high-rises, as opposed to other heavily urbanized/built-up parts of the city or suburbs. It is sometimes also difficult to determine tornadoes that strike urban cores before 1950, when tornado records (particularly in the US) started to be consistently logged with detail. Before this, lack of details on information from the events, as well as that most cities were far smaller in area and population complicate the record.

For the list of cities that are not listed here for certain reasons, see below.

North America

Note: The F-Scale was superseded by the EF scale in the U.S. in 2007
For tornadoes and cities in: United States, Canada, Mexico, Bahamas, Cuba, Central America, and The Caribbean

F#/EF# City Date Deaths Event
F3 St. Louis, Missouri[1][3] March 8, 1871 9 1871 St. Louis tornado
F3 Chicago, Illinois[4] May 6, 1876 2
F2 Kansas City, Missouri[1][5] May 13, 1883 3
F2 Washington, D.C.[1][6][7][8][9] September 16, 1888 0
F2 St. Louis, Missouri January 12, 1890 4 Tornado history of St. Louis
F4 Louisville, Kentucky[1] March 27, 1890 76 March 1890 Mid-Mississippi Valley tornado outbreak
F2 Dallas, Texas[1] January 20, 1894 1
F4 St. Louis, Missouri[1] May 27, 1896 255 St. Louis-East St. Louis tornado
F3 St. Catharines, Ontario[10][11] September 26, 1898 4 Merritton tornado
F4 Regina, Saskatchewan[12][13][14][15][16][17] June 30, 1912 28 Regina Cyclone
F4 Omaha, Nebraska[18] March 23, 1913 103 1913 Omaha Easter Sunday tornado
F3 Miami, Florida[19][20][21][22][23] April 5, 1925 5 1925 Miami tornado
F3 Indianapolis, Indiana[1] May 18, 1927 2
F3 St. Louis, Missouri September 29, 1927 28 September 1927 St. Louis tornado outbreak
F3 Nashville, Tennessee[1][24][25][26][27][28][28][29][30][31] March 14, 1933 15 March 1933 Nashville tornado outbreak
F4 Greensboro, North Carolina[32] April 2, 1936 14 1936 Cordele-Greensboro tornado outbreak
F2 Charleston, South Carolina[1][33] September 29, 1938 27 Charleston, South Carolina tornadoes
F4 Windsor, Ontario[34][35][36] June 18, 1946 18 1946 Windsor-Tecumseh, Ontario tornado
F3 Richmond, Virginia[28] June 13, 1951 0 1951 Richmond, Virginia tornado
F5 Waco, Texas[1] May 11, 1953 114 1953 Waco tornado outbreak
F3 Cleveland, Ohio[37][38] June 8, 1953 7 Flint–Worcester tornado outbreak sequence
F4 Worcester, Massachusetts[39] June 9, 1953 94 1953 Worcester tornado
F2 Dallas, Texas[40] April 2–4, 1957 19 April 1957 Dallas tornado outbreak
F4 St. Louis, Missouri[1] February 10, 1959 21 1959 St. Louis tornado outbreak
F5 Topeka, Kansas[41][42] June 8, 1966 16 1966 Topeka tornado
F5 Lubbock, Texas[1][43] May 11, 1970 28 Lubbock tornado
F3 Windsor, Ontario[44] April 3, 1974 8 Windsor Tornado of 1974 (Super Outbreak)
F4 Louisville, Kentucky[45][45] April 3, 1974 4 Louisville, Kentucky tornado of 1974 (Super Outbreak)
F5 Cincinnati, Ohio[46] April 3, 1974 3 Cincinnati/Sayler Park area tornado (Super Outbreak)
F4 Omaha, Nebraska[47][48][49] May 6, 1975 3 1975 Omaha tornado
F5 Birmingham, Alabama[50][51] April 4, 1977 22 April 1977 Birmingham tornado
F2 Shreveport, Louisiana[1] April 17, 1978 0
F4 Shreveport/Bossier City, Louisiana[1] December 3, 1978 2 Bossier City, Louisiana tornado
F3 Cheyenne, Wyoming[52][53] July 16, 1979 1 Cheyenne, Wyoming tornado
F3 Kalamazoo, Michigan[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] May 13, 1980 5 Kalamazoo Tornado of 1980
F2 Long Beach, California[64] November 9, 1982 0
F2 Los Angeles, California[65] March 1, 1983 0 (30 injured)
F5 Warren, Ohio/Youngstown, Ohio[66][67][68] May 31, 1985 18 The Niles/Wheatland tornado (1985 United States – Canadian tornado outbreak)
F3 Denver, Colorado[69] June 15, 1988 0
F4 Huntsville, Alabama[70][71][72][73][74][75][76] November 15, 1989 21 November 1989 tornado outbreak
F2 Panama City, Panama[77] July 6, 1992 12 (50 injured) 1992 Panama City tornado
F4 Petersburg, Virginia[28][78][79][80][81] August 6, 1993 3 1993 Virginia tornado outbreak
F1 Houston, Texas[1][82] November 16, 1993 0 (26 injured)
F0 San Antonio, Texas[83] March 27, 1994 0
F1 Miami, Florida[1][84][85] May 12, 1997 0 1997 Miami tornado
F3 Detroit, Michigan/Windsor, Ontario[86][87][88][89][90][91][92] July 2, 1997 7 Southeast Michigan Tornado Outbreak
F3 Nashville, Tennessee[1][93][94] April 16, 1998 1 1998 Nashville tornado outbreak
F1 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania[95] June 2, 1998 0
F0 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania[96] January 18, 1999 0
F3 Little Rock, Arkansas[1][97] January 21, 1999 2 January 1999 tornado outbreak sequence
F3 Clarksville, Tennessee[98] January 22, 1999 0 (5 injured) January 1999 tornado outbreak sequence
F1 Hull, Quebec (Gatineau)[99] May 8, 1999 0 (6 injured)[100] List of 1999 Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak tornadoes
F2 Salt Lake City, Utah[1][101][102] August 11, 1999 1 Salt Lake City tornado
F3 Fort Worth, Texas[1][103][104][105][106][107][108] March 28, 2000 2 Fort Worth tornado
F2 Guelph, Ontario[109] July 17, 2000 0 2000 Guelph tornadoes
F4 Jackson, Tennessee[110] May 4, 2003 11 2003 Jackson, TN Tornado #1
F0 Jacksonville, Florida[111] August 12, 2004 0 Tropical Storm Bonnie
F0 Louisville, Kentucky[112][113] April 22, 2005 0
F1 New Orleans, Louisiana[114] February 2, 2006 0 Tornadoes of 2006#February 2, also struck Louis Armstrong Airport
F2 Iowa City, Iowa[115] April 13, 2006 0 Easter Week 2006 Tornado Outbreak Sequence
F1 Newmarket, Ontario[116] July 17, 2006 0 Heat wave of 2006 derecho series
EF2 New Orleans/Kenner, Louisiana[117] February 12–13, 2007 1 Tornadoes of 2007#February 12–13
EF0 St. Louis, Missouri[118] March 31, 2007 0 Late-March 2007 tornado outbreak
EF1 Des Moines, Iowa[1] October 2, 2007 0 Tornadoes of 2007#October 2
EF1 Pensacola, Florida[119] October 18, 2007 0 Mid-October 2007 tornado outbreak
EF1 Springfield, Missouri[120] January 8, 2008 0 January 2008 tornado outbreak sequence
EF2 Atlanta, Georgia[1][121] March 14, 2008 1 2008 Atlanta tornado outbreak
EF1 Springfield, Missouri[122] February 10, 2009 0 February 2009 tornado outbreak
EF2 Shreveport, Louisiana[1][123][124] April 9, 2009 0 April 2009 tornado outbreak
EF2 Columbus, Georgia[125][126] April 19, 2009 0 April 2009 tornado outbreak
F0 Windsor, Ontario[127][128] April 25, 2009 0 Windsor 2009 Tornado
EF0 Minneapolis, Minnesota[1][129] August 19, 2009 0
F2 Vaughan, Ontario[130][131] August 20, 2009 0 Southern Ontario Tornado Outbreak of 2009
EF2 Shreveport, Louisiana[132] October 29, 2009 0
EF2 Huntsville, Alabama[1][133] January 21, 2010 0
EF1 Bridgeport, Connecticut[134] June 24, 2010 0 2010 Bridgeport, CT Tornado
EF1 New York, New York[135] July 25, 2010 0 (7 injured) July 2010 Bronx tornado
EF1 Nashville, Tennessee[136] July 26, 2010 0
EF1 New York, New York[137] September 16, 2010 1 2010 Brooklyn/Queens tornadoes
EF3 Raleigh, North Carolina[1][138] April 16, 2011 6 April 14–16, 2011 tornado outbreak
EF3 Fayetteville, North Carolina[139] April 16, 2011 2 April 14–16, 2011 tornado outbreak
EF2 Wilson, North Carolina[140] April 16, 2011 0 April 14–16, 2011 tornado outbreak
EF3 Jacksonville, North Carolina[141] April 16, 2011 0 (40+ injured) April 14–16, 2011 tornado outbreak
EF4 Tuscaloosa - Birmingham, Alabama April 27, 2011 63 April 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak
EF2 La Crosse, Wisconsin[142] May 22, 2011 0 May 21–26, 2011 tornado outbreak sequence
EF5 Joplin, Missouri[143] May 22, 2011 163 (900+ injured) 2011 Joplin tornado (May 21–26, 2011 tornado outbreak sequence)
EF1 Minneapolis, Minnesota[144] May 22, 2011 2 (30 injured) May 21–26, 2011 tornado outbreak sequence
EF3 Springfield, Massachusetts[145] June 1, 2011 3 (200 injured) 2011 New England tornado outbreak

South America

South America has no default tornado strength measurement system, so the storms here will be listed using the Fujita Scale.

F# City Date Deaths Event
F? Buenos Aires, Argentina[146] November 22, 1951 Unknown, 45 injured
F? Encarnación, Paraguay[147] October 25, 1965 Unknown
F? Vichero, Uruguay[148] October 25, 1968 1, 12 injured
F3 Barranquilla, Colombia[149] September 15, 2006 0 Barranquilla, Colombia Tornado
F? Bogotá, Colombia[150] August 26, 2007 Unknown 2007 Bogotá Tornado

Europe

Note: The UK uses the TORRO scale.

T#/F# City Date Deaths Event
T8/F4 London, England[151][152][153] October 23, 1091 Unknown London Tornado of 1091, destroyed London Bridge
F? Vyšehrad (now Prague), Bohemia[154] July 30, 1119 Unknown Vyšehrad Tornado of 1119
F? Prague, Bohemia[155][156] May 14, 1144 Unknown Prague Tornado of 1144
F1 Prague, Bohemia[154][156] April 8, 1255 Unknown Prague Tornado of 1255
F4 Valletta, Malta[152] September 23, 1551 (or 1556) 600 Valletta, Malta Tornado
F? Augsburg, Germany[155][157] July 2, 1587
F? Rome, Italy[155][158] December 4, 1645
F3 Utrecht, Netherlands[159][160][161] August 1, 1674 Unknown Utrecht, Netherlands Tornado, damaged Dom Tower and Cathedral of St. Martin
F? Rome, Italy[155][158] June 12, 1749
F3 Padua, Italy[162] August 17, 1756 Unknown Padua, 17th August Tornado; heavy damages to the city, the leaded roof of the Palazzo della Ragione was thrown nearly 30km away
F5 Woldegk, Germany[163][164] June 29, 1764 1
F5 Hainichen, Germany[163][164] April 23, 1800 0
T8/F4 Portsmouth, England[152] December 14, 1810 Unknown Portsmouth UK Tornado
F5 Monville, France[152][155][163] August 19, 1845
F3 Frankfurt, Germany[165][166] Summer of 1860 Unknown Frankfurt Tornado of 1860
F? Brno, Moravia[152][155][163] October 13, 1870 Brno, Czech Tornado
F? Vienna, Austria[155] June 29, 1873 Many fatalities
F3 Madrid, Spain[167] May 12, 1886 45 dead The most catastrophic and deadliest tornado in Spain in the past 200 years, but not the most powerful
F0 Munich, Germany[165] May 27, 1897 0 Munich Tornado of 1897
F4 Cologne, Germany[165][168][169] August 7, 1898 3 Cologne Tornado of 1898
F4 Moscow, Russia[170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177] June 29, 1904 >10 Moscow tornado of 1904. The destroyed areas are within the city limits today, but were suburbs in 1904
F? Berlin, Germany[178] July 25, 1909 Unknown Berlin Tornado of 1909
F3 Chemnitz, Germany[179][180] May 27, 1916 0 Chemnitz Tornado of 1916
T5/F2 Düsseldorf, Germany[181][182][183] June 8, 1924 2 Düsseldorf Tornado of 1924
F4 Neede-Berkelland, Netherlands[163] June 1, 1927
F5 Montello, Italy/Selva de Montello[184] July 24, 1930 23 Area between Treviso and Udine, Montello's Tornado
F3-F4 Lublin, Poland[163][185] July 20, 1931 3 dead (1 in Lublin, 2 behind Lublin), dozen injured Lublin Tornado of 1931
F4 Düsseldorf, Germany[186][187] January 10, 1936 2 Düsseldorf Tornado of 1936
F4 Borzymmen (Borzymy), Mazury, Poland[163] July 15, 1940
F4 Klodzko-Slaskie, Poland[163] August 20, 1946
F2 Hannover, Germany[188] September 15, 1950 0 Hannover Tornado of 1950
F3 Castelo Branco, Portugal[189][190] November 6, 1954 5 dead 220 injured Tornadoes in Portugal
F0 Magdeburg, Germany[188] July 25, 1955 0 Magdeburg Tornado of 1955
F1 Düsseldorf, Germany[188] October 6, 1955 Unknown Düsseldorf Tornado of 1955
F1 Szczecin, Poland[191] August 25, 1956 0 Szczecin Tornado of 1956
F5 Robecco Pavese, Valle Scuropasso, Italy[163][192][193] June 16, 1957
F? Rawa Mazowiecka and Nowe Miasto nad Pilicą, Poland[194] May 15–16, 1958 3 dead, 100 injured almost 80% buildings were damaged
F3 Garac, France[195][196] May 18, 1960 No dead and no injured The Garac tornado is the most powerful tornado that Southwestern France has ever seen in the past 50 years.
F5 Niechobrz, Poland[163] May 20, 1960 3, 77 injured
F1 Perm, Russia June 17, 1960 Unknown Perm Tornado of 1960
F1 Voronezh, Russia August 14, 1961 Unknown Voronezh Tornado of 1961
F5 Palluel, France[152][163][197] June 24. 1967
F4 Padua, Venice, Italy[198][198][199][200][201] September 11, 1970 31 Area between the Province of Padua and Venice Lagoon, Venice Tornado of 1970
F3 Nizhni Novgorod, Russia[202] July 3, 1974 Unknown Nizhni Novgorod Tornado of 1974
F5 Ivanovo/Yaroslavl/Perm/Tver/Kostroma[203][204][205][206][207] June 9, 1984 More 400 deaths in the outbreak 1984 Yaroslavl tornado (1984 Ivanovo-Yaroslavl, Russia, Tornado Outbreak)
F3 Beja, Portugal[196] September 20, 1987 7 injured Tornadoes in Portugal
F3 Mangualde, Portugal[208] December 16, 1989 Unknown Tornadoes in Portugal
F2 Duisburg, Oberhausen, Germany[209] July 18, 2004 6 injured
T4/F2 Birmingham, United Kingdom[210][211][212][213][214][215][216][217] July 28, 2005 0 Killed 30 injured Birmingham Tornado (UK)
F2 Hamburg, Germany[28][218][219][220] March 27, 2006
T4/F2 London, United Kingdom[221][222][223][224][225][226][227][228][229][230] December 7, 2006 0 London Tornado of 2006
F2 Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany[231] January 18, 2007 Unknown Kyrill (storm)
F3 Brandenburg, Germany-Brachwitz, Germany[231] January 18, 2007 Unknown Kyrill (storm)
F3 Lauchhammer, Brandenburg, Germany[231] January 18, 2007 Unknown Kyrill (storm)
F2 Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany[232] June 25, 2007 Unknown Oberrad Tornado of 2007
T4/F2 Malaga, Spain[233][234][235] February 1, 2009 0 Malaga Tornado of 2009
F3 Moscow, Russia[236] June 3, 2009 1 Killed 185 injured 2009 Krasnozavodsk tornado
F3 Saint Petersburg, Russia[237] July 10, 2010 0

Africa

Africa has no default tornado strength measurement system, so the storms here will be listed using the Fujita Scale.

F# City Date Deaths Event
F4 Karoo/Highveld, South Africa (Trompsburg, Johannesburg & Pretoria)[238] November 26, 1948 6 Johannesburg - Pretoria Tornado
F? Albertynesville, South Africa[239] November 30, 1952 20 Albertynesville, South Africa Tornado
F2 Paynesville, South Africa[240] December 2, 1952 11 Paynesville, South Africa Tornado
F3 Senekal, South Africa September 15, 1988 2 Senekal, South Africa Tornado
F3 Mtata, South Africa[241] December 15, 1998 15 Mtata, South Africa Tornado
F4 Mount Ayliff, South Africa[239][241] January 18, 1999 25 Mount Ayliff, South Africa Tornado Outbreak
F3 Heidelberg, Gauteng, South Africa[239] October 21, 1999 0 Heidelberg, South Africa Tornado Outbreak
F3 Mpumalanga, South Africa[27] September 9, 2002 2 Mpumalanga, South Africa Tornado Outbreak
F3 Klerksdorp, South Africa[242] March 3, 2007 1, 350 injured Klerksdorp, South Africa Tornado
F4 Duduza/East Rand, South Africa [243] October 2, 2011 2 East Rand - East Rand Tornado
F4 Bebejia, Logone Oriental Prefecture, Chad May 9, 2007 14, town was destroyed Bebejia, Chad Tornado

Asia

Most of Asia has no default tornado strength measurement system (though Japan has been known to use the Fujita Scale in the past), so the storms here will be listed using the Fujita Scale.[244]

F# City Date Deaths Event
F? Miyazaki, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan[244] September 26, 1881 16 Miyazaki Tornado of 1881
F? Dhaka, Bangladesh[245] April 7, 1888 184 dead, 1200 injured
F? Yodobashi City, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan[244] September 23, 1903 10, 14 injured
F? Toyohashi City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan[244] November 28, 1941 12 dead, 177 injured, 347 homes destroyed
F? Tomiye City, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan[244] November 10, 1957 8
F? Tokyo, Japan[244] May 24, 1964 480 homes damaged
F? New Delhi, India[246] March 17–18, 1978 28 dead, 700 injured New Delhi Tornado
F? Dalatpur Upazila, Manikganj/Saturia April 26, 1989 1300+ Daulatpur-Saturia Tornado
F4 Mobara, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan[247] December 11, 1990 0, 78 injured, 1000 homes damaged Mobara Tornado
F? Shanghai, People's Republic of China[248] August 11, 1995 4
F? Dhaka Division, Bangladesh[249] May 13, 1996 700+ Jamalpur-Tangail Districts, Bangladesh Tornado
F3 Toyohashi City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan[250] September 24, 1999 4 Toyohashi City, Japan Tornadoes
F? Tokyo, Japan[244] September 12, 2000 0, several homes damaged
F3 Nobeoka, Miyazaki Prefecture on Kyūshū, Japan[251] September 18, 2006 3 Nobeoka, Miyazaki Tornado
F1 New Taipei, Republic of China[252] May 12, 2011 0 known, some light damage Xindian District, New Taipei city Tornado

Oceania

F# City Date Deaths Event
F3 Port Phillip, / Melbourne, Victoria[253][254][255] February 2, 1918 2 killed, "many more" injured Brighton tornado
F4 Bundaberg, Queensland[256][257][258] November 29, 1992 0 killed, 0 injured Bucca tornado / 1992 Queensland Tornadoes
F? Brisbane, Queensland[259] November 4, 1973 0 killed, 0 injured
F? Brisbane, Queensland[260] December 24, 1989 0 killed, 0 injured
F3 Bendigo, Victoria[261][262][263][264] May 18, 2003 0 killed, 0 injured 2003 Bendigo Tornado
F? Waitara / Taranaki, New Zealand[265][266] August 15, 2004 2 killed, 2 seriously injured
F? City of Onkaparinga, South Australia[267][268] May 21, 2007 0 killed, 0 injured
F? New Plymouth / Taranaki, New Zealand[269] July 4, 2007 0 killed, 0 injured
F? Ballarat, Victoria[270] April 20, 2011 0 killed, 0 injured
F2 Auckland, New Zealand[271][272] May 3, 2011 1 killed, 20 injured 2011 Auckland tornado

Notable absences

The 1985 Barrie Tornado that struck Barrie, Ontario would be listed here, had it struck today. It is not listed, however, since the town's population was under 50,000 at the time (May 31, 1985). The tornado that hit Grand Valley, Ontario is not listed for similar reasons. Similarly, the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak that spawned the deadly F5 tornado which struck Moore, Midwest City, and Oklahoma City is not listed, since those cities had under 50,000 in population as well, and did not reach the downtown core of Oklahoma City. But today, Moore and Midwest City have well over 50,000 people.

Similarly, the downtown areas of two then-small towns (now large cities) in North Carolina were struck during the 1884 Enigma outbreak: Concord and Cary. Downtown Concord was struck a second time by a tornado in May 1936.[273][274][275]

The 1987 Edmonton Tornado is likewise not listed because it struck industrial parks, trailer parks, and suburban areas, and was far away from Edmonton's downtown core, although the Edmonton area has roughly 1.1 million people. The "Oak Lawn tornado" of April 21, 1967 which killed 33 people, mostly those in rush hour traffic at a busy intersection, and moved across southern Chicago onto Lake Michigan is not included because it missed the downtown core. Most recently, the 2008 Memphis tornado on February 5, 2008 also missed the downtown area (by a significant distance).

The 1998 tornado that hit Spencer, South Dakota, killing 6 people, the 2000 tornado that hit a campground, killing 12 people, the 2007 tornado that hit Greensburg, Kansas, killing 11 people, the Elie, Manitoba tornado that hit Elie, Manitoba in 2007 with no fatalities, and the 2009 tornado that hit Durham, Ontario, killing one person, are not listed because none of these tornadoes hit a metropolitan area that had a population higher than 50,000. The Southern Ontario Tornado Outbreak of 2005 that hit Toronto was not confirmed and is therefore not listed.

Another notable absence is the July 7, 1915 storm that struck Cincinnati, killing 38 people. This was determined to be most likely a windstorm causing downbursts or even a series of microbursts (with much of the damage coming from the straight-line winds), and not a tornado.[276]

European tornadoes that are listed before 1950 are for cities that had at least 50,000 people in them at the time. Tornadoes dating back to 1054 are confirmed, due to extensive record-keeping for many weather events and other until-then unexplained weather occurrences.

On September 8, 2010, Tropical Storm Hermine went over the state of Texas and produced a few tornadoes in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. One notable tornado was located in an industrialized area west of downtown Dallas before it lifted up over Interstate 35E just south of Dallas Love Field. However the EF-2 tornado was only about 3–4 miles away and did not strike the immediate downtown Dallas area.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Edwards, Roger; J. Schaefer. "Downtown Tornadoes". Storm Prediction Center. http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/downtown.html. 
  2. ^ Wurman, Joshua; C. Alexander, P. Robinson, and Y. Richardson (January 2007). "Low-Level Winds in Tornadoes and Potential Catastrophic Tornado Impacts in Urban Areas". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (American Meteorological Society) 88 (1): 31–46. Bibcode 2007BAMS...88...31W. doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-1-31. http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2FBAMS-88-1-31. 
  3. ^ Tornado Climatology NWS St. Louis, Missouri
  4. ^ Chicago Area Significant Tornadoes
  5. ^ http://localhistory.kclibrary.org/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=exact&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOROOT=all&CISOBOX1=Tornadoes
  6. ^ Watson, Barbara M. (1999-12-02). "D.C. Listing of Tornadoes". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office, Baltimore/Washington. http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/lwx/Historic_Events/DC-tornado-events.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-13. 
  7. ^ Ludlam, pg. 46
  8. ^ Grazulis, pg. 555
  9. ^ Samuels, L. T. (May 1927). "Washington, D. C., Tornado of May 14, 1927" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. pp. 227. http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/055/mwr-055-05-0227.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-13. 
  10. ^ http://victoriastaffordapsychicinvestigation.wordpress.com/2011/03/05/larry-randall-behold-i-give-unto-you-power-north-ward-school-merritton-tornado-sept-26-1898-ghosts-orbs-energy-photos/
  11. ^ http://www.ontariostorms.com/specific/stkitts-1898/
  12. ^ Paul, Alexander H. (May 1995). "F3 and F4 Tornadoes in Saskatchewan" (PDF). Report to SGI. Saskatchewan Tornado Project, University of Regina. http://esask.uregina.ca/management/app/assets/img/enc2/PDF/Page-939.pdf. Retrieved 2011-05-02. 
  13. ^ Skamlová, Dagmar (2006). "Regina Cyclone". Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/regina_cyclone.html. Retrieved 2011-05-02. 
  14. ^ "Canada's Deadliest Tornadoes". The Weather Doctor. http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/events/candeadtorn.html. Retrieved 2011-05-02. 
  15. ^ "Cyclone of 1912". Regina: The Early Years. Saskatchewan Council for Archives and Archivists. http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/regina/central/cyclone.html. Retrieved 2011-05-02. 
  16. ^ "Presbyterian Church after Cyclone, c. 1912". City of Regina. 2010. http://www.regina.ca/Page953.aspx. Retrieved 2011-05-02. 
  17. ^ "Regina Tornado - June 30, 1912". SOS! Canadian Disasters. Library and Archives Canada. 2006-02-14. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/sos/002028-3300-e.html?PHPSESSID=gjc8q31s0iq0rurk1v815uqg66. Retrieved 2011-05-02. 
  18. ^ http://www.intellicast.com/Almanac/Central/March/
  19. ^ Gray, Richard W. (1925). "The Tornado of April 5, 1925, near Miami, Fla." (PDF). U.S. Weather Bureau. http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/053/mwr-053-04-0145.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-01. 
  20. ^ Gregoria, Dan. "WFO Miami, Florida severe weather climatology" (PDF). National Weather Service. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mfl/files/MFLSVRCLIMO.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-01. 
  21. ^ Lushine, James B. "Summary of Severe Weather Outbreak in South Florida: February 2, 1998". National Weather Service Miami, Florida office. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mfl/newpage/ground_hog_day.html. Retrieved 2008-06-09. 
  22. ^ Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991: Chronology and Analysis of Events. Environmental Films.
  23. ^ United Press (1925). "Three Perish, Heavy Damage in Tornado Near Miama, Florida". The Portsmouth Daily Times. http://www.thehurricanearchive.com/Viewer.aspx?img=61670685_clean&firstvisit=true&src=search&currentResult=0&currentPage=0. Retrieved 2008-06-02. 
  24. ^ http://www.tennessean.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080206/NEWS15/802070393
  25. ^ http://www.srh.noaa.gov/bna/research/tornado_1933/pages4-5.jpg
  26. ^ http://www.srh.noaa.gov/bna/research/tornado_1933/pages8-9.jpg
  27. ^ a b NewsChannel 5.com - Nashville, Tennessee - Similarities and Differences Between 1933 and 1998 Nashville Tornadoes
  28. ^ a b c d e The Nashville Tornado of March 14, 1933
  29. ^ NCDC: Event Details
  30. ^ NCDC: Event Details
  31. ^ US F4 , F5 TORNADOES
  32. ^ Syracuse Herald, Syracuse New York. April 3, 1936
  33. ^ http://www.erh.noaa.gov/chs/events/1938CharlestonTornadoes.shtml
  34. ^ Environment Canada account of the tornado with additional clips from The Windsor Star
  35. ^ The Windsor - Tecumseh, Ontario Tornado on the CBC Archives
  36. ^ The Windsor Tornado - CBC Archives
  37. ^ http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/19530608.39.2
  38. ^ http://westparkhistory.com/Tornado1953/Tornado1953.htm
  39. ^ Wheeler, James R. (June 10, 1953). "Randall Street homes grim reminders of death, destruction". Worcester Telegram. http://www.telegram.com/static/tornado/stories/randallstreet.html. Retrieved 1 August 2010. 
  40. ^ TITLE - Documentary by local television station WFAA-TV
  41. ^ http://www.tornadoproject.com/myths/myths.htm
  42. ^ http://www.crh.noaa.gov/top/events/66tornado.php
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